Primary Sources
Aaron, Henry. "The Trailblazer: Jackie Robinson". Time. 14 Jun. 1999: p.104.
Jackie Robinson endured a lot of racial torment from team mates, other teams, and fans.
This article is important because it was written by Hank Aaron, who started playing seven years after Jackie Robinson.
This account and quote from a contemporary and beneficiary of Jackie Robinson helped the content of the website and can
be found on the Baseball Years Page.
dizzo95. "Jackie Robinson Brooklyn Dodgers 1955". 24 July 2008. YouTube. 30 November 2008
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Pf1RVuQaDM>.
Jackie Robinson was a talented baseball player. The video
shows actual footage of him playing baseball and it talks about what he achieved during his baseball years.
We used the video because we thought a visual and audio aid in the website would be good.
Robinson, Jackie and Alfred Duckett. I Never Had It Made: An Autobiography of Jackie
Robinson.
New York: Harper Collins, 1995.
Jackie Robinson endured a lot on his way to creating his legacy. This book is important
because it explains how he did everything from his own perspective.
We used the information from this book to show what Jackie Robinson thought about his life.
This added another dimension to the content on our website.
Robinson, Jackie. Letter to President Dwight Eisenhower. 13 May 1958.
The National Archives & Records Administration. 2 Nov. 2008
<http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/jackie_robinson_letter>.
Jackie Robinson was frustrated about the civil
rights problem. The letter to the President was very important because it showed us an
account of Robinson’s feelings of frustration that not enough is being done for the civil
rights movement. The document was used as factual content on the website. It is
shown on the Civil Rights Page.
Robinson, Sharon. Promises To Keep. New York: Scholastic Press, 2004.
Jackie Robinson was an important influence to many people, but especially to his children.
We chose to use this book because it contains his daughter’s impressions of his life.
Primary Source Pictures and Audio
Header Bar
Head shot with Brooklyn hat. 1947. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://blogs.trb.com/sports/baseball/blog/jackie_robinson.jpg>
Jackie Robinson, 1946. 1946.(UPI). 23 Nov. 2008
<http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/85/3785-004-BE4E6E27.jpg>
Jackie Robinson's 1946 Contract with Louisville Slugger. 1946. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://www.sabr.org/cmsimgs/ACF34.jpg>
Jackie Robinson at his induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame. 23 July 1962. (AP). 23 Nov. 2008
<http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/92/80392-004-C75CDD90.jpg>
Jackie Robinson Jersey. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://shanebertou.files.wordpress.com/2007/04/jackie_robinson_jersey.jpg>
Jackie in military. 1953. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://www.medaloffreedom.com/JackieRobinson_Army.jpg>
Washington, D.C.: Brooklyn second baseman Jackie Robinson testifying before the House
Un-American Activities Committee on the loyalty of American Negroes. 18 July 1949.
23 Nov. 2008
<http://www.authentichistory.com/1950s/speeches/images/19490718_Jackie_Robinson_at_HUAC.jpg>
Threat Letter. 1946. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://www.achievement.org/achievers/may0/large/may0-026.jpg>
Civil Rights Photo (at microphones). 1949. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://www.congressionalgoldmedal.com/images/JackieRobinsonSpeaking.jpg>
Baseball bat. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/12/1201_giftguide_toys/image/louisville-slugger-bat.jpg>
Baseball. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://www.clipart.com>
Scale (Justice). 23 Nov. 2008
<http://www.job-injury.info/images/Scale%20of%20Justice.jpg>
American Flag. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://www.clipart.com>
Second Header Bar
Head shot with Brooklyn hat. 1947. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://blogs.trb.com/sports/baseball/blog/jackie_robinson.jpg>
Willie Mays. 1954. 3 March 2009
<http://www.salon.com/people/feature/1999/07/13/mays_interview/mays_interview.jpg>
Martin Luther King Jr. 1960. 3 March 2009
<http://bp0.blogger.com/_pbqtqmut0Rs/R410mL61XFI/AAAAAAAAASE/_dg-R_vIY_A/s320/mlk+jr.jpg>
Carl Stokes. 1960. 3 March 2009
<http://media-2.web.britannica.com//eb-media/25/79825-004-FBF77C52.jpg>
Tiger Woods. 2007. 3 March 2009
<http://mediaswirl.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/tiger-woods.jpg>
Colin Powell. 2001. 3 March 2009
<http://sarahpalintruthsquad.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/colin-powell.jpg?w=249&h=270>
Barack Obama. 2008. 3 March 2009
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Barack_Obama.jpg>
American Flag. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://www.clipart.com>
Baseball Field – Home Page
Jackie running from 1st base. 1956. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://i.cdn.turner.com/sivault/image/1956/10/10/001305636.jpg>
Jackie running from 2nd base. 1956. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://i.cdn.turner.com/sivault/image/1956/07/07/001305617.jpg>
Morse, Ralph. Jackie Robinson rounding third base during game three of the 1955 World Series;
the Brooklyn Dodgers defeated the New York Yankees, four games to three, to win the championship.
1955. Monroe Gallery. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://www.monroegallery.com/showcase/images/Jackie_Robinson.jpg>
Jackie at home plate. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://bp3.blogger.com/_bvCmbD7SS_I/RhWic3tZAXI/AAAAAAAAAvA/l21YSrfxRrQ/s320/robinson.bmp>
U.S. Constitution. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/constitution-workshop/images/Constitution_Pg1of4_AC-l.jpg>
West, Dane. Baseball field. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://danewest.com/baseball%20field.jpeg>
Early Life Page
Jackie Robinson (age 6, second from left) poses with mother, Mallie, and (l-r); brothers
Mack, Edgar, and Frank, and sister Willa Mae. 1925. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://www.congressionalgoldmedal.com/images/JackieRobinsonAge6.jpg>
Jackie jumping as quarterback. 1939. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://lh4.ggpht.com/_bQ-9YGBlBzs/R8- bAmaSdTI/AAAAAAAAAHk/zb3qqx32NYo/jrobucla.jpg>
Jackie broad jump winner on stand. 1940. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://graphics.fansonly.com/schools/ucla/graphics/JR-Track-full07.jpg>
Jackie in military. 1942. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://www.medaloffreedom.com/JackieRobinson_Army.jpg>
Baseball Years Page
Jackie Robinson Audio. Pee Wee Reese moment. 3 March 2009
<http://a7.vox.com/6a00cd970f81104cd500e398de52f70005-mp3
Jackie with Brooklyn Dodgers on opening day. 1947. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://www.scandalizemyname.com/wpcontent/uploads/2007/04/jackierobinson_openingday.jpg>
Jackie Robinson at his induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame. 23 July 1962. (AP). 23 Nov. 2008
<http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/92/80392-004-C75CDD90.jpg>
Civil Rights Page
Rachel Robinson Audio. University of Massachusetts. Amherst. 1996. 3 March 2009
<http://www.umass.edu/pubaffs/jackie/R12.aif>
Rachel Robinson Color Photo. 1996. 3 March 2009
<http://www.umass.edu/pubaffs/jackie/rachel2.gif
Corbis-Bettmann Archive. Robinson on Picket Line. 1959. 3 March 2009
<http://www.umass.edu/pubaffs/jackie/robpicket.gif>
Chock full of nuts letter. 1958. 30 Nov. 2008
<http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/doc-content/images/jackie-robinson-letter-to-eisenhower-m.jpg>
Corbis Photo. Robinson-King. 19 Sept. 1962. 30 Nov. 2008
<http://education.baseballhalloffame.org/experience/thematic_units/civil_rights/assets/robinson_king.jpg>
Washington, D.C.: Brooklyn second baseman Jackie Robinson testifying before the House
Un-American Activities Committee on the loyalty of American Negroes. 18 July 1949. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://www.authentichistory.com/1950s/speeches/images/19490718_Jackie_Robinson_at_HUAC.jpg>
Legacy Page
Rachel Robinson Audio. University of Massachusetts. Amherst. 1996. 3 March 2009
<http://www.umass.edu/pubaffs/jackie/R11.aif>
Rachel Robinson Color Photo. 1996. 3 March 2009
<http://www.umass.edu/pubaffs/jackie/rachel2.gif
Jackie Robinson, Rachel Robinson, and their three children, David, Sharon, and Jackie, Jr. 1956.
30 Nov. 2008
<http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/ppmsc/00000/00046r.jpg>
This statue of Jackie Robinson is at Journal Square in Jersey City where he played some of his early
baseball games.30 Nov. 2008
<http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1075/1152383938_5c0bf122e1.jpg?v=0>
Statue of Liberty. 3 March 2009
<http://www.inetours.com/New_York/Images/Liberty/Statue_of_Liberty_2691.jpg>
Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama Handskake. 2008. 3 March 2009
<http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20080227/people-clinton-obama-snl/images/6c302797-bcd6-444d-999e-1e9067d935e7.jpg>
Jackie Robinson, Billie Cox Handskake © Bettmann/CORBIS. 1953. 3 March 2009
<http://pro.corbis.com/images/U1220391INP.jpg?size=67&uid={e50dc63e-aac2-451d-9d71-21972ba5708e}>
American Flag. 23 Nov. 2008
<http://www.clipart.com>
Success Stories Page
Willie Mays. 1954. 3 March 2009
<http://www.salon.com/people/feature/1999/07/13/mays_interview/mays_interview.jpg>
Donovan McNabb. 2008. 3 March 2009
<http://blacksportsonline.com/index/dmac5.jpg>
Dwayne Wade. 2008. 3 March 2009
<http://msnbcmedia2.msn.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photo_StoryLevel/080310/080310-dwayne-wade-vmed-2p.widec.jpg>
Tiger Woods. 2008. 3 March 2009
<http://www.gemzies.com/upload/page_thumb/tiger_woods_swing.jpg>
Frank Robinson. 2005. 30 Nov. 2008
<http://washington.nationals.mlb.com/images/2005/03/20/QzX4ymee.jpg>
Arthur Ashe. 1975. 3 March 2009
<http://toddmartinkids.org/Graphics/Arthur-Ashe-01.jpg>
Carl Stokes. 1960. 3 March 2009
<http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/25/79825-004-FBF77C52.jpg>
Shirley Chisholm. 1968. 3 March 2009
<http://www.asasp.org/ht/a/GetImageAction/i/76568>
Lawrence Douglas Wilder. 2004. 3 March 2009
<http://www.virginiapresswomen.org/nfpw-07/_images-speakers/wilder.jpg>
Carol Elizabeth Moseley Braun. 2007. 3 March 2009
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Carol_Moseley_Braun_NZ.jpg/160px-Carol_Moseley_Braun_NZ.jpg>
Colin Powell. 2001. 3 March 2009
<http://sarahpalintruthsquad.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/colin-powell.jpg>
Condoleezza Rice. 2005. 3 March 2009
<http://www.glocal.net/images/files/2007/10/condoleezza_rice.jpg>
Sidney Poitier. 2002. 3 March 2009
<http://www.map-of-florida.net/famous-actors/sidney-poitier/sidney-poitier.jpg>
Martin Luther King Jr. 1960. 3 March 2009
<http://bp0.blogger.com/_pbqtqmut0Rs/R410mL61XFI/AAAAAAAAASE/_dg-R_vIY_A/s1600-h/mlk+jr.jpg>
Barack Obama. 2008. 3 March 2009
<http://www.britannica.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/obama.jpg>
Jackie Robinson is a symbol for all African-Americans in his time
and in the present. We used pictures to add another dimension to our words and help viewers of the website
appreciate Jackie Robinson more.
Secondary Sources
Ibis Communications, Inc."Jackie Robinson Breaks Baseball's Color Barrier, 1945". 2005.
Eyewitness To History website. 2 November 2008
<http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/robinson.htm>.
Jackie Robinson was approached by Branch Rickey, the general manager of the Brooklyn
Dodgers, and was asked to become the first Black player in major league baseball. We chose
this article because it explains why Jackie was chosen to be in Major league baseball in
the first place. Also, a direct quote from Happy Chandler further explains why he was
chosen which can be found on the Baseball Years Page.
Jeansonne, John. "Mr. Robinson’s legacy is not dead." Newsday [Melville, NY].
20 April 2008.
Nine days before he died, Jackie Robinson said baseball
should have black managers and third base coaches. This article is important because it notes
that although the number of black ballplayers has decreased, there are, in fact, many black
managers and coaches. We used information and a quote from this article on the Legacy Page.
King Papers Project. "Robinson, Jackie (1919 – 1972)". n.d. The Martin Luther King, Jr.
Research and Education Institute at Stanford University website. 3 Dec. 2008
<http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/kingpapers/article/robinson_jackie_1919_1972/>
After leaving baseball Jackie Robinson became very
active in Civil Rights. This website taught us what Jackie did when he joined the NAACP and about
marches and protests in which he participated. We used a quote on the Civil Rights Page.
LA84 Foundation. "Crossing the Color Barrier – Jackie Robinson and the men who
integrated major league baseball". n.d. LA84 Foundation website.
2 November 2008 .
Jackie Robinson enlisted in the Army and faced a court-martial for refusing to move to the
rear of an army bus. This is important because even before he broke the color barrier in
baseball and his years as a civil rights activist, he was discriminated against while serving his
country. The information learned from the article helped the content of our website.
Scott, Richard. Jackie Robinson – First Black In Professional Baseball. Los Angeles:
Melrose Square Publishing Company, 1991.
Robinson faced many obstacles because of his race. The direct quote from Robinson reflects
how he felt his behavior would affect the success of the ‘noble experiment’. The quote can be
found on the Baseball Years Page.
Weidhorn, Manfred. Jackie Robinson. New York: Atheneum MacMillan, 1993.
Jackie Robinson’s life is more than just his ten years
of baseball and fifteen years of activism after retirement. This book is useful because it contains
more in depth information about Jackie Robinson’s entire life. We used a quote on the Early Life Page.
